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Rugs and Carpets:

Some use the words carpet and rug interchangeably. Historically, however, some have distinguished between carpet and rug based on size (the former being larger) or use (carpets on floors, rugs on beds or on the hearth). For the sake of clarity, some textile scholars also differentiate between carpets and carpeting. In this usage, the latter are wall-to-wall and are often woven or tufted as "roll goods", most often in 12 foot widths but sometimes in up to 15 foot widths. In the real estate and home improvement industries a distinction is made between carpet (or carpeting) and rug. The former indicates a covering that is affixed to a floor and the latter a floor covering that is loose-laid, most often for decorative purposes.

Rugs Types:

Woven: The carpet is produced on a loom similar to woven cloth and is a cut pile. Normally many coloured yarns are used and this process is capable of producing intricate patterns from pre-determined designs. These carpets are normally the highest value on the market.

Hand knoted:

Hand knotted rugs are by far higher in quality than machine made rugs. These investments, possessing a high resale value, will last through generations.  The construction of these rugs is much stronger than hand tufted, hand hooked, flat woven, or machine made rugs.

The fringe in a handmade rug is actually the warp thread of the rug, running through the rug from end to end. The pile is tied into the warp threads using one of two traditional knots, the Persian knot or the Turkish knot. A weft thread is then woven in between each row of knots to secure them even more tightly into the rug.  All this is compacted tightly to form a very dense and strong structure that can withstand many years of hard use.

Tufted: The carpet is produced on a tufting machine using a single coloured or sometimes non coloured yarn. If non coloured yarn is used the carpet will be dyed or printed with a design as a separate process. Tufted carpets can be either cut pile, loop pile or a combination of both. Tufting machines produce many more metres of carpet per hour than weaving does and normally are at the low to medium end of the market. Modern tufting technology now enables the production of mainly basic geometric patterns.

Needlefelt: These carpets are more technologically advanced. Needlefelts are produced by electrostatic attraction of individual synthetic fibers forming a unique carpet with extremely high durability. These carpets are normally found in the contract market such as hotels etc. where there is a lot of traffic.

A flatweave carpet is created by interlocking warp (vertical) and weft (horizontal) threads. Types of oriental flatwoven carpet include kilim, soumak, plain weave, and tapestry weave. Types of European flatwoven carpets include Venetian, Dutch, damask, list, haircloth, and ingrain (aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).

A hooked rug is a simple type of rug handmade by pulling strips of cloth such as wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric such as burlap. This type of rug is now generally made as a handicraft.

On a knotted pile carpet (formally, a supplementary weft cut-loop pile carpet), the structural weft threads alternate with a supplementary weft that rises from the surface of the weave at a perpendicular angle. This supplementary weft is attached to the warp by one of three knot types (see below) to form the pile or nap of the carpet.

Oriental rug

These rugs normally come from a broad geographical region extending from China and Vietnam in the east to Turkey and Iran in the west and the Caucasus in the north to India in the south. People from different cultures, countries, racial groups and religious faiths are involved in the production of oriental rugs.

Oriental rugs are organized by origin: Persian rugs, Antolian rugs, Kurdish rugs, Caucasian rugs, Central Asian rugs, Chinese rugs, East Turkestan rugs and Tibetan rugs.

Production of knotted pile rug:

The warp threads are set up on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The knots are secured with (usually 1 to 4) rows of weft.

There are three main types of knot: symmetrical (also called: Turkish or Ghiordes), asymmetrical (also called: Persian or Senna), and single warp (also called: Spanish).

Contemporary centers of oriental carpet production are: Tibet, China, Pakistan, India, Turkey, Northern Africa, the Caucasus, Iran, Nepal, and Turkmenistan

When buying a modern carpet from Asia, many consumers wish to ensure that it has not been made using child labour. A labelling scheme in throughout Europe and North America has been therefore created called Rugmark. Importers pay for the labels which pays for monitoring in the centres of production and for education of previously exploited children.

Fibers & yarns used in rugs:

Wool & wool blended with synthetic fibers: Wool has excellent durability, can be dyed easily and is fairly abundant. When blended with synthetic fibers such as nylon the durability of wool is increased. Blended wool yarns are extensively used in production of modern carpet.

Nylon: This is the most popular synthetic fiber used in carpet production. Nylon can be dyed or printed easily and has excellent wear characteristics. In carpets nylon tends to stain easily therefore a stain repellent finish is sometimes applied.

Polypropylene: This polymer is used to produce carpet yarns mainly because of economy. Polypropylene is difficult to dye and does not wear as well as wool or nylon>. Carpets made from this fiber are usually only suited for light domestic use.

Polyester; Polyester is also a viable carpet fiber. It is used in carpet manufacturing in both spun and filament constructions. With increased raw material costs in the early 2000s, polyester can offer an alternative fiber that can give good physical properties at competitive prices. Polyester is inherently stain resistant because it is hydrophobic.

For the binding in woven carpet it is usually cotton. and the weft is jute.

Early carpets

The earliest surviving pile carpet in the world is called the "Pazyryk Carpet". It is usually dated to the 5th century BC. It was excavated by Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko in 1949 from a Siberian burial ground where it had been preserved in ice in the valley of Pazyryk. The origin of this carpet is debated. It has been proposed to be a product of either the Iranian Scythians or the Persian Achaemenids. This carpet is 200 x 183 cm (6'6" x 6'0") and has 360,000 knots/m² (about 230 kots/sq inch) .

The earliest group of surviving knotted pile carpets were produced under Seljuk rule, in the first half of the 13th century, on the Anatolian peninsula. The eighteen extant works are often referred to as the Konya Carpets. The central field of these large carpets is an overall geometric repeat pattern. The borders are ornamented with a large-scale, stylized, angular calligraphy called Kufic, pseudo-Kufic, or Kufesque.

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